Naturalist
← Species

Photosynthesis in Evergreen Clematis

Clematis armandii

Three lenses on the same invisible process: visual, scientific, and philosophical.

Visual

— What it looks like

These diagrams show photosynthesis at three scales: the tissue architecture of a leaf, the molecular machinery of the chloroplast, and the two-stage chemical process that turns light into sugar. Every photosynthetic plant on Earth runs this same cascade — the details differ in Evergreen Clematis (Clematis armandii) mainly in pathway (C3) and leaf anatomy.

Leaf Cross-Section

Epidermis, mesophyll layers, vascular bundle, stomata

Leaf cross-sectionHistological diagram of a dicot leaf showing upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundle, lower epidermis and stomata.xylemphloemUpper epidermisPalisade mesophyll(chloroplasts)Spongy mesophyll(air spaces)Lower epidermisStomataLeaf Cross-Section(transverse section, dicot leaf)

Chloroplast Anatomy

The organelle where all photosynthesis happens

Chloroplast anatomyDiagram of a chloroplast showing outer and inner membranes, stroma, thylakoid membrane system, grana stacks, and stroma lamellae.granumgranumlumenstromaOuter membraneInner membraneIntermembrane spaceStromaThylakoid membrane(light reactions)Stroma lamellaeGrana stacks(thylakoid discs)Chloroplast Anatomysite of photosynthesis

Light + Dark Reactions

Light reactions (thylakoid) feed ATP + NADPH into the Calvin cycle (stroma) · C3 pathway

Photosynthesis reactions overviewTwo-panel overview: left shows light-dependent reactions on the thylakoid membrane; right shows the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) in the stroma.Light-Dependent Reactions(thylakoid membrane)hνPS II680 nmH₂O →O₂ + H⁺O₂ ↑e⁻ETC +ATP syn.ATP ↓hνPS I700 nmNADPH ↓Calvin Cycle(stroma · light-independent)CO₂ fixation(RuBisCO)3-PGAG3P (output)(→ glucose)RuBPATPNADPHCO₂ →C3Photosynthesis: Light + Dark Reactionshν = photon energy · ATP + NADPH bridge the two stages

No content generated yet for this species. This takes about 10–20 seconds.

Scientific

— How it works

Generate content above to see species-specific explanations.

Philosophical

— What it means

Generate content above to see species-specific explanations.